African American History

Thematically/Semi-Chronologically/Alphabetically Organized (headings borrowed from Freedom on my Mind, 2nd ed.

Overviews with Overlapping Timelines

1. Berlin, Ira. The Making of African America: The Four Great Migrations. New York: Viking, 2010.

2. Kendi, Ibram X. Stamped from the Beginning: The Definitive History of Racist Ideas in America. New York: Nation Books, 2017.

Capitalism and Slavery

1. Baptist, Edward E. The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism. New York: Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group, 2014.

2. Beckert, Sven. Slavery’s Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.

3. Berry, Daina Ramey. The Price for Their Pound of Flesh : The Value of the Enslaved, from Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation. Boston: Beacon Press, 2017.

4. Fogel, Robert William, and Stanley L. Engerman. Time on the Cross: The Economics of American Negro Slavery. 1st ed. Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1974.

5. Schermerhorn, Calvin. The Business of Slavery and the Rise of American Capitalism, 1815-1860. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015.

6. Williams, Eric. Capitalism & Slavery. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1944.

Atlantic Slavery

1. Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.

2. Bolster, Jeffrey. Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.

3. Brown, V. (2009). Social Death and Political Life in the Study of Slavery. The American Historical Review, 114(5), 1231–1249. (article)

4. Christopher, Emma. Slave Ship Sailors and Their Captive Cargoes, 1730-1807. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

5. Christopher, Emma. Freedom in White and Black: A Lost Story of the Illegal Slave Trade and Its Global Legacy. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 2018.

6. Curtin, Philip D. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.

7. Curtin, Philip D. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex: Essays in Atlantic History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

8. Degler, Carl. Neither Black nor White: Slavery and Race Relations in Brazil and the United States. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1986.

9. Diouf, Sylviane A (Sylviane Anna). Dreams of Africa in Alabama: The Slave Ship Clotilda and the Story of the Last Africans Brought to America. Oxford ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

10. Drescher, Seymour. Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

11. Eltis, David. Economic Growth and the Ending of the Transatlantic Slave Trade. Cary: Oxford University Press, 1987.

12. Evans, Chris. “The Plantation Hoe: The Rise and Fall of an Atlantic Commodity, 1650-1850.” The William and Mary Quarterly 69, no. 3 (1998): 71–100.

13. Fett, Sharla M. Recaptured Africans - Surviving Slave Ships, Detention, and Dislocation in the Final Years of the Slave Trade. Recaptured Africans. The University of North Carolina Press, 2017.

14. Ferrer, Ada. Freedom’s Mirror: Cuba and Haiti in the Age of Revolution. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2014.

15. Furtado, Júnia Ferreira. Chica Da Silva: A Brazilian Slave of the Eighteenth Century. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

16. Frank, Zephyr L. Dutra’s World: Wealth and Family in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2004.

17. Freyre, Gilberto, Samuel Putnam, and David Lewis. The Masters and the Slaves = Casa Grande & Senzala: A Study in the Development of Brazilian Civilization. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.

18. Graham, Sandra. House and Street: The Domestic World of Servants and Masters in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992.

19. Harms, Robert. The Diligent: A Voyage Through the Worlds of the Slave Trade. New York: Basic Books, 2002.

20. Harris, Jessica B. High on the Hog: A Culinary Journey from Africa to America. Pbk. ed. New York: St Martins Press, 2012.

21. Heywood, Linda M., and John K. Thornton. Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585-1660. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

22. Hurston, Zora Neale. Barracoon: The Story of the Last “Black Cargo.” New York: Amistand, an imprint of Harper Collins Publishers, 2018.

23. Karasch, Mary C. Slave Life in Rio de Janeiro, 1808-1850. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1987.

24. Klein, Herbert, and Francisco V. Luna. Slavery in Brazil. Edited by Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.

25. Linebaugh, Peter, and Marcus Rediker. The Many-Headed Hydra: Sailors, Slaves, Commoners, and the Hidden History of the Revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000.

26. Marquese, Rafael, Tâmis Parron, and Márcia Berbel. Slavery and Politics: Brazil and Cuba, 1790-1850. Edited by Leonardo Marques. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2016. .

27. Mattoso, Katia M. de Queirós. To Be a Slave in Brazil, 1550-1888. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1986.

28. McKinley, M. A. (2016). Fractional Freedoms: Slavery, Intimacy, and Legal Mobilization in Colonial Lima, 1600-1700. Cambridge University Press.

29. Miller, Joseph C. Way of Death: Merchant Capitalism and the Angolan Slave Trade 1730-1830. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988.

30. Mustakeem, Sowande’ M. Slavery at Sea: Terror, Sex, and Sickness in the Middle Passage. Urbana, Chicago, and Springfield: University of Illinois Press, 2016.

31. Rediker, Marcus. The Slave Ship: A Human History. New York: Penguin Group, 2007.

32. Reis, João. Slave Rebellion in Brazil: The Muslim Uprising of 1835 in Bahia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995.

33. Rodgers, Daniel T. Atlantic Crossings Social Politics in a Progressive Age. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.

34. Schwartz, Stuart B. Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society: Bahia, 1550-1835. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985.

35. Scott, Rebecca. Degrees of Freedom: Louisiana and Cuba after Slavery. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005.

36. Scully, Pamela, and Diana Paton, eds. Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2005.

37. Smallwood, Stephanie. Saltwater Slavery: A Middle Passage from Africa to American Diaspora. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.

38. Tannenbaum, Frank. Slave and Citizen. New York: Vintage Books, 2013.

39. Wong, Edlie L. Neither Fugitive nor Free: Atlantic Slavery, Freedom Suits, and the Legal Culture of Travel. Neither Fugitive nor Free. NYU Press, 2009.

40. Young, Jason R. Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2007.

African Slavery in North America (1619-1740)

1. Adams, Francis D., and Barry Sanders. Alienable Rights: The Exclusion of African Americans in a White Man’s Land, 1619-2000. New York: Perennial, 2004.

2. Breen, T.H., and Stephen Innes. Myne Owne Ground: Race and Freedom on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1640-1676. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

3. Carney, Judith A. Black Rice: The African Origins of Rice Cultivation in the Americas. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001.

4. Foote, Thelma. Black and White Manhattan: The History of Racial Formation in Colonial New York City. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

5. Jordan, Winthrop D. White Over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550-1812. Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture at Williamsburg, Va., by the University of North Carolina Press, 1968.

6. Littlefield, Daniel C. Rice and Slave: Ethnicity and the Slave Trade in Colonial South Carolina. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991.

7. Morgan, Jennifer L. Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2004.

8. Morgan, Philip D. Slave Counterpoint: Black Culture in the Eighteenth-Century Chesapeake and Lowcountry. Chapel Hill: Published for the Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Virginia, by the University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

9. Wood, Peter. Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 through the Stono Rebellion. New York: Norton, 1996.

African Americans in the Age of Revolution (1741-1783)

1. Adams, Catherine, and Elizabeth H. Pleck. Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

2. Davis, David Brion. The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823. Cornell Paperbacks. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1975.

3. Doerflinger, Thomas M. A Vigorous Spirit of Enterprise: Merchants and Economic Development in Revolutionary Philadelphia. Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture, Williamsburg, Va. by the University of North Carolina Press, 1986.

4. Kerber, Linda K. No Constitutional Right to Be Ladies: Women and the Obligations of Citizenship. 1st ed. New York: Hill and Wang, 1998.

5. Kerber, Linda K. Women of the Republic: Intellect and Ideology in Revolutionary America. Chapel Hill: Published for the Institute of Early American History and Culture by the University of North Carolina Press, 1980.

6. Piersen, William D. Black Yankees: The Development of an Afro-American Subculture in Eighteenth-Century New England. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.

Slavery and Freedom in the New Republic (1775-1820)

1. Alexander, Leslie M. African or American?: Black Identity and Political Activism in New York City, 1784-1861. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008.

2. Berlin, Ira. The Long Emancipation: The Demise of Slavery in the United States. The Long Emancipation. Harvard University Press, 2015.

3. Bristol, Douglas Walter. Knights of the Razor: Black Barbers in Slavery and Freedom. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.

4. Davis, Edwin Adams, and William Ransom Hogan. The Barber of Natchez. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006.

5. Fredrickson, George M. The Black Image in the White Mind: The Debate on Afro-American Character and Destiny, 1817-1914. [1st ed.]. A MARC Book. New York: Harper & Row, 1971.

6. Jones, Arthur. Pierre Toussaint. New York: Doubleday, 2003.

7. King, Wilma. Stolen Childhood: Slave Youth in Nineteenth-Century America. Bloomingon: Indiana University Press, 2011.

8. Nieves, Angel David, and Leslie M. Alexander, eds. We Shall Independent Be: African American Place Making and the Struggle to Claim Space in the United States. Boulder, CO.: University Press of Colorado, 2008.

9. Raboteau, Albert J. A Fire in the Bones: Reflections on African-American Religious History. Boston: Beacon Press, 1995.

10. Rockman, Seth. Scraping By: Wage Labor, Slavery, and Survival in Early Baltimore. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.

11. Roediger, David R. The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class. Haymarket Series. London ; New York: Verso, 1991.

Black life in Slave South (1820-1860)

1. Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. New York: International Publishers, 1943.

2. Berry, Daina Ramey. “Swing the Sickle for the Harvest Is Ripe.” In Gender and Slavery in Antebellum Georgia. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007.

3. Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.

4. Camp, Stephanie M. Closer to Freedom: Enslaved Women and Everyday Resistance in the Plantation South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004.

5. Deyle, Steven. Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

6. Fox-Genovese, Elizabeth. Within the Plantation Household: Black and White Women of the Old South. Gender & American Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.

7. Genovese, Eugene. Roll, Jordan, Roll: The World the Slaves Made. New York: Vintage Books, 1974.

8. Genovese, Eugene D. The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy & Society of the Slave South. Wesleyan Paperback. Middletown, Connecticut: Wesleyan University Press, 1989.

9. Glymph, Thavolia. Out of the House of Bondage: The Transformation of the Plantation Household. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008.

10. Gomez, Michael A. Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998.

11. Hahn, Steven. A Nation Under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to the Great Migration. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press, 2003.

12. Hodes, Martha Elizabeth. White Women, Black Men: Illicit Sex in the Nineteenth-Century South. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.

13. Johnson, Walter. Soul by Soul: Life Inside the Antebellum Slave Market. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999.

14. Jones-Rogers, Stephanie E. They Were Her Property: White Women as Slave Owners in the American South. New Haven ; London: Yale University Press, 2019.

15. Kaye, Anthony E. Joining Places: Slave Neighborhoods in the Old South. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

16. Levine, Lawrence. Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

17. Miles, Tiya. Ties That Bind The Story of an Afro-Cherokee Family in Slavery and Freedom. 2nd ed. American Crossroads ; 14. Oakland, California: University of California Press, 2015.

18. Phillips, Ulrich Bonnell. American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Régime. New York; London: D. Appleton and Company, 1918.

19. Rucker, Walter C. The River Flows On: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America. Antislavery, Abolition, and the Atlantic World. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006.

20. Schermerhorn, Calvin. Money over Mastery, Family over Freedom: Slavery in the Antebellum Upper South. Studies in Early American Economy and Society from the Library Company of Philadelphia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011.

21. Stampp, Kenneth. The Peculiar Institution. U.S.: Alfred A Knopf and Random House, 1956.

22. Stuckey, Sterling. Slave Culture, Nationalist Theory, and the Foundations of Black America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

23. Stuckey, Sterling. “Through the Prism of Folklore: The Black Ethos in Slavery.” The Massachusetts Review 9, no. 3 (1968): 417–37.

24. Webber, Thomas L. Deep like the Rivers: Education in the Slave Quarter Community, 1831-1865. New York: Norton, 1978.

25. West, Emily. Chains of Love: Slave Couples in the Antebellum South. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004.

26. White, Deborah G. Ar’n’t I a Woman?: Female Slaves in the Plantation South. New York: Norton, 1985.

The Northern [and Western] Black Freedom Struggle and the Coming of the Civil War (1830-1860)

1. Broussard, Albert S. Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900-1954. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.

2. Chang, David A. The Color of the Land: Race, Nation, and the Politics of Landownership in Oklahoma, 1832-1929. The Color of the Land. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2014.

3. Davis, David Brion. Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World. Oxford, England ; New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

4. Delay, Brian. War of a Thousand Deserts: Indian Raids and the U.S.-Mexican War. War of a Thousand Deserts. Yale University Press, 2008.

5. Drake, St. Clair, and Horace R. Cayton. Black Metropolis: A Study of Negro Life in a Northern City. New York: harcourt, Brace & Company, 1945.

6. Hodes, Martha. The Sea Captain’s Wife: A True Story of Love, Race & War in the Nineteenth Century. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2006.

7. Ofari, Earl. “Let Your Motto Be Resistance”: The Life and Thought of Henry Highland Garnet. Boston: Beacon Press, 1972.

8. Rael, Patrick. Black Identity and Black Protest in the Antebellum North. John Hope Franklin Series in African American History and Culture. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

9. Yee, Shirley. Black Women Abolitionists: A Study in Activism, 1828-1860. Edited by University of Tennessee Press. Knoxville, 1992.

10. Taylor, Quintard. In Search of the Racial Frontier: African Americans in the American West, 1528-1990. New York: Norton, 1998.

11. Taylor, Quintard. The Forging of a Black Community: Seattle’s Central District, From 1870 Through the Civil Rights Era. Emil and Kathleen Sick Lecture-Book Series in Western History and Biography. Seattle, Washington ; London, [England]: University of Washington Press, 1994.

12. Wilder, Craig Steven. In the Company of Black Men: The African Influence on African American Culture in New York City. New York: New York University Press, 2001.

Freedom Rising: The Civil War (1861-1865)

1. Blight, David W. Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018.

2. Blight, David W. Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.

3. Forbes, Ella. African American Women during the Civil War. New York: Garland, 1998.

4. McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era. Oxford History of the United States ; v. 6. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988.

5. Litwack, Leon F. Been in the Storm so Long: The Aftermath of Slavery. New York: Knopf: Distributed by Random House, 1979.

6. Mc Pherson, James M. The Struggle for Equality - Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and Reconstruction. The Struggle for Equality. Princeton University Press, 2014.

7. Robinson, Armstead. Bitter Fruits of Bondage: The Demise of Slavery and the Collapse of the Confederacy. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2005.

8. Savage, Kirk. Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth-Century America. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997.

9. Schwalm, Leslie A. Emancipation’s Diaspora: Race and Reconstruction in the Upper Midwest. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

Reconstruction: The Making and Unmaking of a Revolution (1865-1885)

1. Du Bois, W.E.B. Black Reconstruction in America, 1860-1880. New York: The Free Press, 1992.

2. Edwards, Laura F. Gendered Strife and Confusion: The Political Cultures of Reconstruction. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997.

3. Foner, Eric. Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877. New York: Harper and Row, 1988.

4. Hogue, James K. Uncivil War: Five New Orleans Street Battles and the Rise and Fall of Radical Reconstruction. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006.

5. Hunter, Tera W. To ’Joy My Freedom: Southern Black Women’s Lives and Labors after the Civil War. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997.

6. Kantrowitz, Stephen David. Ben Tillman and Reconstruction of White Supremacy. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

7. Luxenberg, Steve. Separate: The Story of Plessy v. Ferguson, and America’s Journey from Slavery to Segregation. First edit. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2019.

8. Stanley, Amy Dru. From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave Emancipation. Cambridge ; New York, NY, USA: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Black Life and Culture During the Nadir (1880-1921*)

1. Athearn, Robert G. In Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas, 1879-80. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1978.

2. Brophy, Alfred L. Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

3. Dailey, Jane, and Glen Elizabeth Gilmore. Jumpin’ Jim Crow: Southern Politics from Civil War to Civil Rights. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2000.

4. Ellsworth, Scott. Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982.

5. Franklin, Buck Colbert. My Life and an Era: The Autobiography of Buck Colbert Franklin. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1997.

6. Hirsch, James S. Riot and Remembrance: The Tulsa Race War and Its Legacy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2002.

7. Hower, Bob, and Maurice Willows. 1921 Tulsa Race Riot and the American Red Cross, “Angels of Mercy”: Compiled from the Memorabilia Collection of Maurice Willows, Director of Red Cross Relief. Tulsa: Homestead Press, 1993.

8. Johnson, Hannibal B. Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa’s Historic Greenwood District. Forth Worth, TX: Eakin Press, 1998.

9. Lott, Eric. Love and Theft: Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. Race and American Culture. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

10. Loewen, James W. Sundown Towns: A Hidden Dimension of American Racism. New York: The New Press, 2018.

11. Madigan, Tim. The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. New York: Thomas Dunne Books and St. Martin’s Press, 2001.

12. McWhirter, Cameron. Red Summer: The Summer of 1919 and the Awakening of Black America. 1st ed. New York, N.Y.: Henry Holt & Co., 2011.

13. Mills, Quincy T. Cutting Along the Color Line: Black Barbers and Barber Shops in America. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.

14. Muhammad, Khalil Gibran. The Condemnation of Blackness: Race, Crime, and the Making of Modern Urban America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011.

15. Painter, Nell Irvin. Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas After Reconstruction. New York: Norton, 1992.

16. Taylor, Elizabeth Dowling. The Original Black Elite: Daniel Murray and the Story of a Forgotten Era. New York: Amistad, 2018.

17. Tuttle, William M. Race Riot : Chicago in the Red Summer of 1919. Studies in American Negro Life. New York: Atheneum, 1970.

18. Woodward, C Vann (Comer Vann). The Strange Career of Jim Crow. Third revi. New York: Oxford University Press, 1974.

The New Negro Comes of Age (1915-1940)

1. Gershenhorn, Jerry. Louis Austin and the Carolina Times: A Life in the Long Black Freedom Struggle. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018.

2. Boyle, Kevin. Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age. New York: Henry Hold and Company, 2004.

3. Frazier, E. Franklin. The Black Bourgeoisie: The Rise of a New Middle Class in the United States. New York: Collier Books: MacMillan Publishing Company, 1962.

4. Kelley, Robin D G. Race Rebels: Culture, Politics, and the Black Working Class. New York : Toronto : New York: Free Press ; Maxwell Macmillan Canada ; Maxwell Macmillan International, 1994.

5. Greenberg, Cheryl Lynn. “Or Does It Explode?”: Black Harlem in the Great Depression. New York, [New York] ; Oxford, [England]: Oxford University Press, 1991.

6. Sklaroff, Lauren Rebecca. Black Culture and the New Deal: The Quest for Civil Rights in the Roosevelt Era. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2009.

Fighting for a Double Victory in the WWII Era (1939-1948)

1. Anderson, Carol (Carol Elaine). Bourgeois Radicals: The NAACP and the Struggle for Colonial Liberation, 1941-1960. New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

2. Dudziak, Mary L. Cold War and Civil Rights: Race and the Image of American Democracy. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2001.

The Early Civil Rights Movement (1945-1963)

1. Gonda, Jeffrey D. Unjust Deeds: The Restrictive Covenant Cases and the Making of the Civil Rights Movement. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2015.

2. Gray, Fred D. Bus Ride to Justice: Changing the System by the System: The Life and Works of Fred Gray, Preacher, Attorney, Politician, Lawyer for Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King, Jr., the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, the Desegregation of Alabama. Rev. ed. 2. Montgomery, AL: Black Belt Press, 1995.

3. Hoose, Phillip M. Claudette Colvin: Twice Toward Justice. 1st Square. New York: Square Fish, 2011.

4. McNeil, Genna Rae. Groundwork: Charles Hamilton Houston and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1983.

5. Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. New York: Delta Trade Paperbacks, 2004.

6. Morris, Aldon D. The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change. New York: Free Press, 1986.

7. Rothstein, Richard. The Color of Law: A Forgotten History of How Our Government Segregated America. New York: Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2017.

8. Ruffin II, Herbert G. Uninvited Neighbors: African Americans in Silicon Valley, 1769-1990. Kindle. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2014.

9. Theoharis, Jeanne F., and Komozi Woodard, eds. Freedom North: Black Freedom Struggles Outside the South, 1940-1980. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Multiple Meanings of Freedom: The Movement Broadens (1961-1976)

1. King, Martin Luther. Where Do We Go From Here? Chaos or Community? Boston: Beacon Press, 2010.

Racial Progress in an Era of Backlash and Change (1967-20—)

1. Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2010.

2. Anderson, Carol. White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide. New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2017.

3. Pattillo, Mary E. Black Picket Fences: Privilege and Peril Among the Black Middle Class. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999.

Books (Alphabetical)
Note: Bold titles cross-listed with other lists

1. Adams, Catherine, and Elizabeth H. Pleck. Love of Freedom: Black Women in Colonial and Revolutionary New England. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

2. Adams, Francis D., and Barry Sanders. Alienable Rights: The Exclusion of African Americans in a White Man’s Land, 1619-2000. New York: Perennial, 2004.

3. Alexander, Leslie M. African or American?: Black Identity and Political Activism in New York City, 1784-1861. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008.

4. Alexander, Michelle. The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. New York: New Press, 2010.

5. Anderson, Carol. White Rage: The Unspoken Truth of Our Racial Divide. New York: Bloomsbury USA, 2017.

6. Anderson, Carol (Carol Elaine). Bourgeois Radicals: The NAACP and the Struggle for Colonial Liberation, 1941-1960. New York NY: Cambridge University Press, 2015.

7. Aptheker, Herbert. American Negro Slave Revolts. New York: International Publishers, 1943.

8. Athearn, Robert G. In Search of Canaan: Black Migration to Kansas, 1879-80. Lawrence: Regents Press of Kansas, 1978.

9. Baptist, Edward E. The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism. New York: Basic Books, a member of the Perseus Books Group, 2014.

10. Beckert, Sven. Slavery’s Capitalism: A New History of American Economic Development. Early American Studies. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016.

11. Berlin, Ira. Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America. ACLS Humanities E-Book. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1998.

12. Berlin, Ira. The Long Emancipation: The Demise of Slavery in the United States. The Long Emancipation. Harvard University Press, 2015.

13. Berlin, Ira. The Making of African America: The Four Great Migrations. New York: Viking, 2010.

14. Berry, Daina Ramey. “Swing the Sickle for the Harvest Is Ripe.” In Gender and Slavery in Antebellum Georgia. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007.

15. Berry, Daina Ramey. The Price for Their Pound of Flesh : The Value of the Enslaved, from Womb to Grave, in the Building of a Nation. Boston: Beacon Press, 2017.

16. Blassingame, John W. The Slave Community. New York: Oxford University Press, 1979.

17. Blight, David W. Frederick Douglass: Prophet of Freedom. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018.

18. Blight, David W. Frederick Douglass’ Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989.

19. Bolster, Jeffrey. Black Jacks: African American Seamen in the Age of Sail. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.

20. Boyd, Herb. Black Detroit: A People’s History of Self-Determination. First edit. New York: Amistad, an imprint of HarperCollinsPublishers, 2017.

21. Boyle, Kevin. Arc of Justice: A Saga of Race, Civil Rights, and Murder in the Jazz Age. New York: Henry Hold and Company, 2004.

22. Breen, T.H., and Stephen Innes. Myne Owne Ground: Race and Freedom on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1640-1676. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

23. Bristol, Douglas Walter. Knights of the Razor: Black Barbers in Slavery and Freedom. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.

24. Brooks, James F. Captives & Cousins: Slavery, Kinship, and Community in the Southwest Borderlands. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

25. Brophy, Alfred L. Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Riot of 1921: Race, Reparations, and Reconciliation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

26. Broussard, Albert S. Black San Francisco: The Struggle for Racial Equality in the West, 1900-1954. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993.

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